Muhammad Rafique

By Ghulam Nabi, Muhammad Rafique, Adnan Khalil, Ghulam Nabi, Muneeb Irshad, Muhammad Adnan Anwar, Muhammad Asif Nawaz and Sarmad Masood Shaheen

This chapter provides a detailed examination of electrochemical cells, starting with the basic concepts of half-cells, reactions at equilibrium, and cell potential. It classifies electrochemical cells as galvanic and electrolytic cells and also includes new technologies like fuel cells and supercapacitors. The mechanism of electron transfer and comparison of cell types is highlighted. The applications portion ventures into classical applications, exploring electrochemical CO₂ capture and reduction (ECCR), additive manufacturing, biosynthetic materials, and polymer electrosynthesis. There is a dedicated section on batteries with both conventional systems such as lead-acid and lithium-ion and biofuel and polymer-based derivatives. In addition, the chapter explores how energy density in electrochemical systems is controlled by cell voltage, capacity, and design parameters. Extensive focus is provided to electrodeposition methods throughout metals, alloys, semiconductors, and nanostructures, with ensuing extensive discussions on dimensional control, 2D/3D conformality, and nucleation and growth processes. Parametric factors such as temperature, pH, geometry, and pressure are extensively discussed, providing readers with a synoptic perception of both theory and new applications. The chapter emphasizes the central role of electrochemical systems in meeting current scientific, industrial, and energy challenges.

Part of the book: Functional Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Advanced Applications